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COOLING TOWER/OPEN CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS This is a double whammy contamination from the potable water as well as outside sources due to the air-washing nature of water cooled heat rejectors. Contrary to the opinion of some, these systems are involved in many significant outbreaks on a daily basis worldwide. The inside of any system after a few years operation is also important in harboring biofilm. We suggest a properly designed side stream FILTRATION system (not a Centrifugal Separator). The key words are in italics. I've designed excellent systems that were unrecognizable on startup as the "low bidder" did not provide the correct equipment. Somehow or other managing to convince the designer that a centrifugal separator with a small bag filter is what is needed rather than what was specified. The next objective is to apply cide to a continuously operating system thus leaving no stagnant water with constant filtration 24 hrs./day at 7 days/week. A generic water meter actuated chemical feed/bleed system (off the shelf items) with separate timers for -cide feed at Midnight or time of least load. Sand filters? Consider surface area, then consider biofilm production and system upset now decide.
HOT TUBS, WHIRLPOOLS, HYDROTHERAPY TUBS etc...
Well, there you have it! Between a rock and a hard place? Yes, I would say so. The microbial world is full of surprises, the biggest is that of the BIOFILM and MT issue. Both have the Microbio's jumping news is being printed faster that the journals can keep pace. Please feel free to visit us at our web site - download all the free information available on the issues herein discussed. WONDERCIDE A fictitious non-oxidizing -cide for sake of article.
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT Particle movement in water caused by the movement of water molecules PART PER BILLION One pound of anything dissolved in 1,000,000, 000 lbs water (One pound per 119,904,070 US gallons) ADSORBED DO NOT CONFUSE with ABSORBED! Think of it this way, A magnet on the frig is adsorbed - the same magnet as fine dust, mixed with plastic and cut into magnetic strips is absorbed.
 Frank Rosa "Plumbers Protect The Health Of The World." 
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